I mean, it’s fine as a first draft, but if I were a law-firm
associate, I wouldn’t turn it in to a senior partner without putting in a lot
more work.
I am not a legal writing professor, and I suppose it’s a
good thing I'm not. The fact is, if it were turned in to me as homework, I could not,
in good conscience, give the United States Constitution better than a B-minus.
And that’s with a healthy dose of grade inflation already factored in.
First of all, let’s look at the handwriting. It’s sloppy.
You may not have known this, but the Constitution contains numerous
interlineations. In Article I,
Section 3, explaining Senate procedure upon the impeachment of the president,
there is this doozy:
The intended language is: “When the President of the United
States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside[.]”
The original uncorrected, verbless text is: “When the
President of the United States the Chief Justice shall preside[.]”
How can you screw up and write something like that unless
you are totally mentally wandering while doing it. This is the Constitution of
the United States of America for crying out loud. You’d think you could focus.
And if you can’t get it right the first time, then I say grab another sheet of
parchment and start from the top of the page. Where is the craftsmanship? Look,
I can only imagine what a pain in the a** it would be to write out a long legal
document on calfskin with nothing but an inkwell and a pen made out of a
feather. Honestly, I couldn’t do it. But then again, I didn’t take the job.
According to historians, it was a fellow named Jacob Shallus who did take the
job.
And, honestly speaking, he kind of phoned it in.
There are a total of four interlineations in the original
Constitution. What’s
worse, Shallus did a “my bad” about the mistakes, listing them next to the
signature block on the past page – but, incredibly, he only noted three of the
four interlineations! How lazy do you have to be to fail to count up all the
dents you tried to knock out of your own work?
Okay, so the Constitution’s penmanship is annoying. But is
it a real problem? Precedent suggests that it is. Frighteningly, the federal
district court for the District of Columbia, where the Constitution currently
resides, has declared legal documents unenforceable on grounds of sloppiness.
In Antonelli v. Senate Realty Corp., the D.C. court lowered the boom on a slapdash deed
of trust with more than a note of scorn: “Certainly this document on its face
has been so altered by interlineation and hand-printed additions as to make it
legally obnoxious and unacceptable.”
Yikes. Could it be that our Constitution is “legally
obnoxious”?
Under the eyes of the law, perhaps. There is no Supreme
Court opinion directly on point, so, for now, it is an open question.
One thing we do know is that the Constitution was a rip off.
The U.S. government paid Shallus the princely sum of $30 for his calligraphy
services.
That may not seem like much, but this was 222 years ago. Using the
unskilled-labor inflation index, $30 in 1787 is equivalent to $10,694 today.
That kind of government waste makes a $640 toilet seat for
the Pentagon seem like a bargain.
Shallus’s bang-up job also included erasures,
a misspelling, and wildly
inconsistent capitalization.
Now, I haven’t even started to talk about the actual text.
The text of the U.S. Constitution is replete with ambiguity.
And I say that not because the Constitution is a great document that is at the
center of a great story about great struggles over great freedoms and other
great stuff. It is
because, at least in large part, the Constitution is a maze of passive voice,
mismatched grammatical constructions, and awkward phrasing.
Take a look at the Second Amendment:
A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security
of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be
infringed.
What in the heck is that supposed to mean?
Surprise, surprise: People disagree.
Analyzing the text, we can confidently make two
observations: (1) If the amendment was intended to say that states have the
right to give guns to their national guard units – and that’s the extent of the
right – then the text clearly wouldn’t have been phrased the way that it was.
(2) If the amendment was meant to give individual citizens the right to possess
guns, without being part of a state-run militia, then the text clearly wouldn’t
have been phrased the way that it was.
That leaves us with only one sure conclusion: The drafters shanked this one big
time.
Incredibly, over thousands of pages of the United States
Reports, our Supreme Court has not once used the words “poorly drafted” to
describe the Constitution.
Yes, I checked.
We may need to revisit that hallowed quote of Ben Franklin,
who, walking back from Independence Hall, was asked by a Philadelphia resident,
a Mrs. Powel, what resulted from the Constitutional Convention.
Famously, Mrs. Powel heard Franklin say, “A republic, if you
can keep it.”
It seems quite possible that Franklin’s actual words
were, “A republic, if you can read it.”